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Public library and academic libraries. Public libraries include state, county, an city libraries. A public library provides library services for all of the people in the community. An academic library, on the other hand, i generally a university library. It provides services for students, professors, and other members of the academic community. Because they are for all of the people, public libraries are a good source o books and magazines for entertainment. Most of the books and magazines in an academic library, however, are for research.
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In every age, people have hoped to prolong their life. They are a lot of important factors contributing to longevity such as a space with fresh air, greenery and a clean source of water. The scientific research has suggested two other factors what are closely related to people's longevity.
The first one is concerned with creativity. Scientists found t the relationship between neural activities and life span is increasing significant. People who engage in creative work have a much Ion life span than the others of the same generation. Therefore, it is lived that keeping the brain in an excited and active state is an important way to prolong one's life. The second way of longevity climbing stairways regularly. In climbing stairs a person consume much more energy than doing other physical activities. Climbing stairways not only improves the blood circulation but also radius one's weight and prevents one from getting coronary heart disease We can see that asthma does not appear in those people who often stairways. This is because the climbing activities make the art contract forcefully and make the lung's capacity increased. A British scholar even found that climbing one stair may prolong one's by four seconds. So the old people in Britain like climbing satirizes and regard it as a secret for longevity. Nowadays, as urban arise are becoming more and more crowded, we can regard climbing airs as a way of keeping fit.
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Wal Mart, the largest retailer in the world, is mounting an audacious' expansion that could double its sales within just five years, to $480 billion. Some of that growth will come in new markets abroad, where 1,200 stores in nine countries already account for about 16% of the chain's total sales. Bui even more growth will be won as the chain insinuates" itself into more U. S. neighborhoods and invades more product categories.
If you think Wal-Mart already sells just about everything, think again. Flunk PCs. ceiling fans, more fashionable clothing, gasoline and even cars.
"Their goal is to have a 30% share of every major business they are in," says Linda Kristiansen, a retail analyst for UBS Warburg Equity1 Research.
If there's no Wal-Mart store near you, just wait. If you shop at WaiMarl, expect your store to get bigger or a new store to open even closer. The chain plans to expand from 3,400 U. S. locations today to a nationwide network approaching I),000 stores in five years.
Wal-Mart lias 1,300 Supercenlers, many of them converted from standard discount stores' , offering everything from hardware to groceries and drugs. In some areas, it is placing these 180,000-sq. -ft. monsters as close as miles apart. And in the spaces between, it's tormenting local grocery and convenience stores with Neighborhood Markets (call them Small-Marts).
Wal-Mart's next competitive weapon is advanced data mining1', which it will use to forecast, replenish' and merchandise* on a micro scale. By analyzing years worth of sales data and then cranking11 in variables such as the weather and school schedules the system could predict the optimal1" number of cases of tiato rade" . in what flavors and sizes, a store in Laredo, Texas, should have on hand12 the Friday before Labor Day1'. "Then, if the weather forecast suddenly called for1' temperatures f> degrees hotter than last year, the delivery truck would automatically show up with more.
One can think of Wal-Mart as a huge pipe organ with thousands of stops"' that executives constantly pull and push. Early on the day after Thanksgiving'' 2001. one of the busiest shopping days of the year, the system was reporting slow sales of a boxed computer-and-prmter combo for which merchandisers had had high hopes. But one location was bucking the trend1'. A quick call from headquarters determined that the store1 manager had cut open one of the stacked cartons'11 so shoppers could see they got both machines for one price. Soon a message went to all other stores; open a box. Sales began to move immediately.
Sell a buck. Save a buck. Repeat. It's that cycle of high powered logistics'1 engineering and nickel-squeezing huckstering" that remains retailing's most potent"" weapon. UBS's Knstiaiisen sees no reason why Wal-Mart, which has trounced"1 the Dow''1 over the past five years, will not sustain 15% earnings'1' growth.
Wal-Mart's CEO Lee -Scott, who earns less than most other Fortune' bOO CEOs, was leaving a store not long ago when he-stopped to chat with one of the many senior citizens who work as greeters. They are a fearless lot. and the' old gent teased '; the boss with a question; "Did you give everyone a big raise?" Scottre turned a look of mock"1 horror. "Are you kidding mcv" he said. "This is Wal-Mart!"
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A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is account
Accountability isn't hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together — honesty, kindness, and so on accountability may be the most important of all. Without it. there can be no respect, no trust, no law — and, ultimately, no society.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. : But as every policeman knows, external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. 2
Fortunately there are still communities — smaller towns, usually — where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim; "In this family certain things are not tolerated — they simply are not done ! "
Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. 4 Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his properly; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. ~'
The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was commit led. society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it's the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn't teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn't provide a stable home.6
I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
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Learning something about the origin of memos may help clarify the function of their special format and the informal writing style typical in internal business communication.
Memos developed from business letters during the late 1 9th century and the early 20th century in the United States, as a result of two important changes in U.S. businesses.
First, small businesses grew into large organizations through merger and acquisition or through their own development, resulting from rapid economic growth. These bigger and more complicated enterprises required systematic flows of written information to monitor production, cost, and progress. Along with multilevel departments and divisions, communication channels multiplied and gradually became systematized. The management publicized rules, policies, and procedures to the lower divisions and collected data on production and cost from the subordinates.
The increasing demand for written information within the organization caused a fundamental change in internal business correspondence. Employees did not have the time and energy to write letters or reports to their supervisors in the formal style as used in letters to customers and business partners. They began to use a brief, direct style that was efficient to read and write.
This brief, direct, and intimate style has had a great impact on business correspondence. Now business people no longer write a letter to outsiders in the style that was widely used decades ago.
Second, the invention of the typewriter pushed forward the development of the memo's distinctive format. Professional typists favoured standardized formats. Another development in office work was the wide acceptance of vertical files. The new way of handling files enabled office workers to store and retrieve documents easily by category. Memos under the headlines of "To," "From," "Date," and "Subject" were easy to file and retrieve.
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Once the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery, has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.
To begin with, conventional two dimensional X ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three dimensional object. Things at different depths are superimposed causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thin "slices".
In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancre-as3 are not discernible at all, and certain other organs may only be rendered visible through the use of radiopaque dye'1. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of tissue.
A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only titman absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.
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The Plainsville residents are "highly concerned with leading healthy lives," and seem to have got their own way to such lives — regular exercise with "running shoes and exercise clothing" provided by local merchants. Now the vice president is suggesting that it is possible to lead them off that way by selling them Nature's Way's "health food and other health-related products. " Is it likely that Nature's Way will succeed?
Plainsville residents seem to love the plain physical exercise that leads directly to good heath, but do not bother much about things "related" to it — neither "health food" nor "health-related products. " This is evidenced by the fact that the local health club nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, but now the club " has more members than ever" because it has introduced such physical exercises and activities as weight training and aerobics classes.
Plainsville exercise-loving residents will not make a change. They will not, for example, change from loving physical exercise to enjoying health food. And it is wise for them not to make a change: benefiting from such exercise " at an early age," they must know better than anyone else that the healthiest way to good health is to go in for physical exercises, not to mention that it is natural and the least costly.
Some of the Plainsville residents may have been eating health food, you say. And it seems that all of them use running shoes and exercise clothing locally provided. The chance for Nature's Way to succeed is, then, that Plainsville residents will switch from health food and health-related products locally provided to products from Nature's Way. To see if this is likely, we have this common sense to refer to: it's rather difficult for people to give up what they have got used to and switch to something new. This is everyone's experience; when you've got a real liking for one brand of running shoes, you won't use another brand, simply out of what is called the "brand loyalty. " To make things worse for new providers, not only you will refuse to use new brands, your child will do the same, either out of your influence, or owing to his following models. What will be waiting for Nature's Way in Plainsville, then? Either blunt refusal, or long years of heated competition with old providers.
Will the younger generation make a change? The prospect is still darker. The Plainsville children are attracted and required from their childhood to take regular exercise, which means that they will, like their parents and grand parents, be stubborn and life-long lovers of plain physical exercise, and plain running shoes and exercise clothing. From this cruel fact it follows that it's foolish for Nature's Way to place hope in the younger generation.
Nature's Way stores may have been "most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives," but they may not be so hi this particular area of Plainsville, where the residents have got used to a better way to healthy lives. Therefore, if I were that vice president, I would suggest this; Let running shoes and exercise clothing producers earn their money in Plainsville; let's try not to compete there.
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Name: Wang Zhaochang
Address: No. 38, Liaoyuan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
Present Occupation: Associate Professor of English
Date of Birth: 6th January, 1952
Place of Birth: Bengbu, Anhui, China
Nationality: Chinese
Sex: Female
Marital Status: Single
Health: Excellent
Education: 1975-1978 Foreign Language Department,
Shandong University
1965-1968 Qingdao No. 1 Secondary School 1959-1965 Qingdao Chengwu Road Primary School Qualifications; 1985 MA in Applied Linguistics Work Experiences: 1980-Present: Qingdao University 1978-1980: Foreign Affairs Section,
Qilu Petrochemical Works 1968-1975: Changwei Teachers College
Publications; 1. The Fundamentals of Writing, Qingdao Oceanology University Press, 1988
2. "Application of Linguistics to English Teaching",
Journal of Language Teaching , Spring, 1985
3. "How to Learn Unknown Words", Education and
Research Journal , No. 2, 1983
References: 1. Qi Tang-zhu, Professor of Applied Linguistics,
Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
2. Wang Dong-guo, Professor of Foreign Language
Department, Chinese University of Science and
Technology, Anhui, China
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Guilin is located in the northeast of Guangsi Zhuang Autonomous Region, by the western bank of the Lijiang River. It has a population of about 370 thousands. Since there is an abundance of sweet-scented osmanthus, it is named osmanthus (gui). Guilin has magnificent scenery, with beautiful landscape and exquisite caves and stones. It is renowned as "the second to none is scenery with hills and water in China." The Lijiang River is the main stream of Guilin. It twists among mountains. The abrupt and straight peaks reflect themselves in the water and make a marvelous view.
The Elephant Trunk Hill, sitting by the west bank of the Lijiang River, bears close resemblance to an elephant with its trunk in the river, hence its name. The Solitary Beauty Hill in the central city area appears to have popped up majestically from the ground, so it is called the "Polar of the Southern Sky. " On the western slope, a climb along 306 winding stone steps takes visitors to the top for a panoramic view of the sprawling city, the surrounding hills, lakes, canals and the river.
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Words often are accompanied by distinct facial expressions. In many cultures, when people are surprised, they may open their eyes widely and also open their mouths.
When they like something, their eyes may beam and they may smile. When they are angry, they may frown and narrow their eyes. Although many facial expressions carry similar meanings in a variety of cultures, the frequency and intensity of their use may vary. Latin and Arab cultures use more intense facial expressions, whereas East Asian cultures use more subdued facial expressions.
Smiling
People in all cultures smile at times; however, the meaning of a smile may vary. Depending on the culture, it can indicate joy and amusement, but it also can indicate embarrassment.
In an attempt to appear open and friendly, people in the United States smile a lot. Everyone smiles at everyone. To those in other cultures the American smile often appears insincere and frozen. Why, for example, should a waitress smile? Restaurants in the United States go to great lengths in training to ensure that all employees use the appropriate smile. Americans are surprised and puzzled that the rest of the world does not seem to share the American emphasis on the smile. McDonald's, for example, had a hard time teaching waitresses in Moscow the importance of the smile and the proper type of smile.
In Japan people don't smile the way people from the United States do. One does not show feelings freely and force one's emotions on anybody else. Men don't smile in public, and women are not supposed to show their teeth when they smile. To guarantee that the teeth are hidden, Japanese women tend to put a hand in front of their mouths when laughing. The women who greet customers in banks and stores with a deep bow do not really smile by U. S. standards. They look pleasant, but they don't really smile at the customer the way an American would.
Germans smile, but not nearly as much as people in the United States do. They will say bluntly, "Life is severe, and there is very little to smile about." Germans are very reserved, but for reasons different from those of the Japanese. The Japanese don't want to intrude; the Germans recognize that the world is not necessarily a pleasant place. Life is doing one's duty, and duty does not necessarily lend itself to smiling. Wal-Mart wanted to lighten up the poor service in German stores (Germans frequently say that Germany is a service Wister, literally meaning a desert as far as service is concerned) by insisting that personnel greet shoppers and smile at them. The Germans, while moaning about unfriendly service, were not impressed by the efforts. They saw the smiling employees as manipulative and insincere.
Koreans consider it inappropriate for adults to smile in public. Smiling at strangers is something the mentally retarded do or children do before they are trained properly. In addition, for Koreans, as for the members of many other cultures in East Asia, a smile often is an expression not of pleasure but of embarrassment. When a person from the United States or Europe might blush with embarrassment or become defensive, an Asian might smile. To avoid serious misunderstandings, people who engage in intercultural communication should be able to interpret a smile appropriately.
Related to the smile is the laugh. Americans can have a very deeply felt belly laugh that comes from the deepest emotions. In Arabic and Latin cultures the laugh often is accompanied by expressive gestures such as arm waving and touching. The Japanese seldom laugh that way except among intimates. A laugh is not necessarily an expression of joy and happiness. Like a smile, a laugh often is an expression of being uncomfortable, nervous, and embarrassed.
